Which term describes a contractual stipulation to ensure ebusiness participants do not deny their online actions?

Which term describes a contractual stipulation to ensure ebusiness participants do not deny their online actions?

• A. Authentication
• B. Confidentiality
• C. Availability
• D. Nonrepudiation

Answer: (D)

Nonrepudiation means ensuring that a party cannot deny having performed a digital action or transaction. In e-business, contracts and security measures rely on evidence—such as digital signatures that tie an action to a specific user, along with tamper‑evident logs and timestamps—that proof the action happened and who did it. This enduring evidence is what prevents later denial and supports enforceability in disputes or audits. Authentication is about verifying who you are at the moment, confidentiality is about keeping data secret, and availability is about ensuring access to systems. While authentication helps enable nonrepudiation, it isn’t sufficient on its own without the accompanying proof (signatures, logs) that actually ties actions to a person over time.

Nonrepudiation means ensuring that a party cannot deny having performed a digital action or transaction. In e-business, contracts and security measures rely on evidence—such as digital signatures that tie an action to a specific user, along with tamper‑evident logs and timestamps—that proof the action happened and who did it. This enduring evidence is what prevents later denial and supports enforceability in disputes or audits.

Authentication is about verifying who you are at the moment, confidentiality is about keeping data secret, and availability is about ensuring access to systems. While authentication helps enable nonrepudiation, it isn’t sufficient on its own without the accompanying proof (signatures, logs) that actually ties actions to a person over time.